Industrial Chemistry of Oxides for Emerging Applications

Valuable insights into the extraction, production, and properties of a large number of natural and synthetic oxides utilized in applications worldwide from ceramics, electronic components, and coatings

This handbook describes each of the major oxides chronologically--starting from the processes of extraction of ores containing oxides, their purification and transformations into pure alloyed powders, and their appropriate characterization up to the processes of formation of 2D films by such methods as PVD, CVD, and coatings by thermal spraying or complicated 3D objects by sintering and rapid prototyping. The selection of oxides has been guided by the current context of industrial applications. An important point that is considered in the book concerns the strategic aspects of oxides. Some oxides (e.g. rare earth ones) become more expensive due to the growing demand for them, others, because of the strategic importance of countries producing raw materials and the countries that are using them.

Industrial Chemistry of Oxides for Emerging Applications provides readers with everything they need to know in 7 chapters that cover: technical and economical importance of oxides in present and future; fundamentals of oxides manufacturing; extraction, properties, and applications of Al2O3; extraction, properties, and applications of ZrO2; synthesis, properties, and applications of YBaCu2O7x; extraction, properties, and applications of TiO2; and synthesis, properties, and application of hydroxyapatite.

* Presents the extraction, production, and properties of a large fraction of oxides applications worldwide, both natural as well as synthetic multi-oxides

* Covers a very important segment of many industrial processes, such as refractories and piezoelectric oxides--both applications constituting very large market segments

* Developed from a lecture course given by the authors for over a decade

Industrial Chemistry of Oxides for Emerging Applications is an excellent text for university professors and teachers, and graduate and postgraduate students with a solid background in physics and chemistry.

Autorentext
LECH PAWOWSKI, PhD, is a Professor at The University of Limoges in France. He was awarded the honorific title of Dr.- Ing. E.h. by Technical University of Chemnitz in 2013 (Germany) and inducted into the Thermal Spray Hall of Fame in 2015. PHILIPPE BLANCHART, PhD, is Emeritus Professor at Limoges University in France. He is also consultant in science and technology of mineral materials for technological survey, consulting and project management in industries, and technological training.

Inhalt
Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii Abbreviations and Symbols xix 1 Technical and Economic Importance of Oxides 1
Lech Pawowski 1.1 Industrial Sectors in Development 1 1.1.1 Mechanical Applications of Oxides 1 1.1.1.1 Al2O3 3 1.1.1.2 ZrO2 3 1.1.2 Application of Oxides in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4 1.1.3 Oxides for High-temperature Applications 7 1.1.4 Biomedical applications of oxides 9 1.2 Reserves, Availability and Economic Aspects of Oxides and their Ores 10 1.2.1 Al2O3 10 1.2.2 ZrO2 11 1.2.3 TiO2 12 1.2.4 Rare earth oxides: Y2O3 and CeO2 13 1.2.5 BaO 17 1.2.6 Cu2O 17 1.2.7 CaO 18 1.2.8 P2O5 19 References 20 2 Fundamentals of Oxide Manufacturing 25
Lech Paw³owski 2.1 Introduction 25 2.1.1 Principal Manufacturing Processes 25 2.1.2 Oxide Powders 27 2.1.3 Major Phenomena in Manufacturing 27 2.2 Fundamentals of Selected Processes related to Oxide Manufacturing 28 2.2.1 Introduction 28 2.2.2 Fundamentals of Reactions in Gaseous Phase 28 2.2.2.1 Types of Reaction 28 2.2.2.2 Thermodynamic Calculations 29 2.2.2.3 Gas in Motion 30 2.2.2.4 Thermodynamics of Condensation 34 2.2.3 Fundamental Phenomena in Solutions 36 2.2.3.1 Introduction 36 2.2.3.2 Diffusion 36 2.2.3.3 Brownian Motion and Stokes' Law 37 2.2.4 Fundamental Phenomena in Suspensions 38 2.2.4.1 Introduction 38 2.2.4.2 Forces and Energies in Suspension 39 2.2.4.3 Characterization of Suspensions 43 2.2.4.4 Gelation 47 2.2.5 Characterization of Powders 48 2.2.5.1 Size and Shape 48 2.2.5.2 Chemical and Phase Composition 49 2.2.5.3 External and InternalMorphology 53 2.2.5.4 Apparent Density and Flowability 53 2.3 Selected Oxide Powder Production Methods 54 2.3.1 Introduction 54 2.3.2 Granulation of Powders 55 2.3.2.1 Direct Granulation 55 2.3.2.2 Spray Drying 56 2.3.3 High-temperature Synthesis of Powders 60 2.3.3.1 Sintering and Melting 60 2.3.3.2 Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis 61 2.3.3.3 Mechanofusion 63 2.3.4 Synthesis of Powders from Solutions 63 2.3.4.1 SolGel 64 2.3.4.2 Synthesis by Reaction of Liquids (Wet Precipitation) 64 2.3.5 Powder Synthesis by CVD 64 2.4 Manufacturing Objects in 2D: Films and Coatings 70 2.4.1 Introduction 70 2.4.2 Chemical Methods of Thin Film Deposition 71 2.4.2.1 SolGel 71 2.4.2.2 Electrolytic anodization 74 2.4.3 Physical Methods of Thin Film Deposition 76 2.4.3.1 CVD Methods 76 2.4.3.2 PVD Methods 79 2.4.4 Methods of Coating Deposition 86 2.4.4.1 Thermal Spraying 86 2.4.4.2 Bulk Coatings Methods 96 2.5 Manufacturing Objects in 3D 102 2.5.1 Introduction 102 2.5.2 Forming 103 2.5.3 Sintering 106 2.5.4 Rapid Prototyping 114 3 Extraction, Properties and Applications of Alumina 125
Lech Paw³owski 3.1 Introduction 125 3.2 Reserves of Bauxite and Mining 125 3.3 Methods of Obtaining Alumina 127 3.3.1 Bayer Process 127 3.3.1.1 Chemical Backgrounds 128 3.3.1.2 Technology of the Bayer Process 128 3.3.1.3 Waste Management 130 3.3.2 Pure Alumina Powder Synthesis 131 3.3.3 Alumina Recovery from Coal Ashes 132 3.3.3.1 Sintering Process 134 3.3.3.2 Leaching Process 135 3.4 Properties of Alumina 135 3.4.1 Thermodynamical and Chemical Properties of Monocristalline Alumina 137 3.4.2 ...

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