Contested Views of a Common Past

In Ostasien hat sich mit dem rasanten Wandel der Gegenwart auch der Blick auf die Vergangenheit verschoben. Besonders die von Kolonialismus und Weltkrieg geprägte neuere Geschichte wird in - und zwischen - Japan, China, Taiwan und Südkorea heftig debattiert. In den Beiträgen des Bandes wird gezeigt, wie und warum historische Ereignisse und Persönlichkeiten plötzlich neu gedeutet werden. Geschichte erscheint dabei als Quelle und Ausdruck verschiedener Nationalismen, aber auch als Ausgangspunkt transnationaler Verständigung.

Autorentext
Steffi Richter ist Professorin für Japanologie an der Universität Leipzig.

Leseprobe
Revisions of history in East Asia, especially modern history, have in recent years become an increasingly contested enterprise of (re)constructing collective memories and identities, whether ethnic, local, national, or gender identities. In particular, how to (re)interpret national and colonial history has been a significant issue in the region. Revising history is not, of course, an exclusively regional phenomenon, and can occur anywhere whenever changing socio-political power structures and circumstances impel the questioning of hitherto dominant historical narratives and identities. The practice of revising history in East Asia, however, has been especially controversial as it is deeply entangled with contemporary political tensions both within and beyond the boundaries of the modern nation state in the region, while, at the same time, economic and cultural ties draw the countries in the region closer together. Such "history wars" have become particularly intense since the 1980s, heightening existing tensions in the region. Internationally, there have been territorial disputes such as those over Tokdo/Takeshima between Korea and Japan, the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands between Japan and China/Taiwan, the Kuril Islands between Japan and Russia, and Mount Paekdu/Changbai between Korea and China. Secondly, there have been conflicts over the re-evaluation of certain periods of history, such as recent reassessments of Japanese colonialism, not only in Japan itself but also in Taiwan and South Korea. There has also been controversy over the ancient Kingdom of Kogury?/ Gaogouli between the two Koreas and China. Domestically, issues of re-evaluating the colonial period (in Taiwan, Korea and Japan), and the late Qing period (in China) have been similarly controversial and have been under ongoing debate in academic research, in history pedagogy, and in popular culture. Part cause and part consequence of these conflicts, "nationalism from below" has flourished, as witnessed, for example, in popular support for the right-wing "revisionists" in Japan and in anti-Japanese sentiment and demonstrations in South Korea and China. The phenomenon of "nationalism from below" is not always directed against Japan, but can also be clearly observed between Korea and China; for example, there have been popular demonstrations in China over the issues of Kogury?/Gaogouli and Mount Paekdu/Changbai. Investigation, protests and/or cooperation on the matter of conflicts over territory, history and textbooks have increased with the growth of civic groups in the region, too. Some are state supported, especially in China, and some are dissident grassroots groups. The role of historical narratives in (re)constructing the theory and praxis of nationalism and national identity has been evident in recent attempts to revise history in the region. At the same time, globalisation, cross-border trade, population mobility, the development of new communication and information technologies, and intercultural interaction have blurred the boundaries between global, national and local identities. The growth of nationalism in the face of globalisation can also be seen in East Asia. Thus, in the age of globalisation, the boundaries of national and local identities based on historical distinctions are shifted and, simultaneously, intensified. Since the 1990s, in order to replace the so-called "masochistic view of history" (jigyaku shikan), Japanese neo-nationalists have attempted to produce a "bright" historical narrative as the basis for a "healthy nationalism or patriotism". In this attempt, historical revisionists (rekishi sh?seishugi-sha) of a nationalist persuasion, such as those who produced the recent controversial "New History Textbook" (see the chapters by Lim and Schneider), have explicitly sought to justify Japan's colonialism and wartime atrocities in the 20th century. They have accordingly euphemised or even denied Japan's wartime record on issues such as the Nanjing Massacre, forced labour and "comfort women", who were forced into sexual servitude for the Japanese army during the Asia Pacific War. The anger such revisionist accounts have ignited among Japan's neighbours has been exacerbated by Japanese political leaders, such as former Prime Minister Koizumi Junichir?, who insisted on making public visits to the Yasukuni shrine, where executed war criminals are revered. They have also been a source of much controversy at home, with many historians and activists trying to confront Japan's war responsibility.

Inhalt
Preface Steffi Richter Introduction: De-nationalising and Re-nationalising the Past Yonson Ahn I. Contexts of Historical Revisionism Historical Revisionism in East Asia: What Does Politics Have to Do with It? Daqing Yang Historical Revisionism in Contemporary Japan Steffi Richter When History Matters: Reconstructing South Korea's National Memory in the Age of Democracy Koen De Ceuster Historical Narratives and Trans-nationalism in East Asia Prasenjit Duara II. Academic Historiography A Review of Research on Late Qing History: On the "Basic Lines" of Modern Chinese History Lei Yi Re-imagining Community from Different Shores: Nationalism, Post-colonialism and Colonial Modernity in Taiwanese Historiography Chang Lung-chih The Colonial Past in Post-colonial South Korea: Colonialism, Modernity and Gender Yonson Ahn East Asia Discourses in Contemporary Korea Eun-Jeung Lee III. History Textbooks The Antagonistic Complicity of Nationalisms - On "Nationalist Phenomenology" in East Asian History Textbooks Lim Jie-Hyun Revising the Past, Contesting the Future: Reforming History Education in post-Mao China Alisa Jones National Fortresses Besieged: History Textbooks in Contemporary Mainland China, Taiwan, and Japan Claudia Schneider Writing History Textbooks in East Asia: The Possibilities and Pitfallsof "History that Opens the Future" Iwasaki Minoru and Narita Ry?ichi IV. Popular Culture Historical Adventures of a Post-historical Medium: Japan's Wartime Past as Represented in Manga Jaqueline Berndt Manga, Manhwa and Historical Consciousnes: Trans-national Popular Media and the Narrative De/Construction of Japanese-Korean History Yamanaka Chie Reinterpreting Late Qing History in Historical Movies and Television Dramas: The Case of the 1898 Reforms Li Fan and Wang Xiaojing Revising and Televising the Past in East Asia: "History Soaps" in Mainland China Matthias Niedenführ V. Conclusion: Possibilities for Mutual Understanding History Textbooks in Post-war and Post-conflict Societies: Preconditions and Experiences in Comparative Perspective Wolfgang Höpken Lost Memories: Historical Reconciliation and Cross-Border Narratives in Northeast Asia Tessa Morris-Suzuki List of contributors

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