Industrial Biotechnology of Vitamins, Biopigments, and Antioxidants

Vitamins are a group of physiologically very important, chemically quite complex organic compounds, that are essential for humans and animals. Some vitamins and other growth factors behave as antioxidants, while some can be considered as biopigments. As their chemical synthesis is laborious, their biotechnology-based synthesis and production via microbial fermentation has gained substantial interest within the last decades. Recent progress in microbial genetics and in metabolic engineering and implementation of innovative bioprocess technology has led to a biotechnology-based industrial production of many vitamins and related compounds. Divided into three sections, this volume covers: 1. water-soluble vitamins 2. fat-soluble vitamin compounds and 3. other growth factors, biopigments, and antioxidants. They are all reviewed systematically: from natural occurrence and assays, via biosynthesis, strain development, to industrially-employed biotechnological syntheses and applications.

Autorentext
Erick J. Vandamme is Emeritus Professor at the Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium. He has acted as director of this department for over 25 years. He was Visiting Professor at several universities in Europe, America, Asia, and Australia. Following his Ph.D. studies at Ghent University in molecular biology, fermentation science and industrial biotechnology, several postdoctoral positions led him to Oxford University, MIT Cambridge, and Queen Elisabeth College (now King's College), London. Professor Vandamme is (co)-author of over 400 research papers and review articles , (co-)edited 14 books and holds several patents. He received numerous scientific awards and is an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology (USA) and of the Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, and received three honorary doctorates. He is a member of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts .

Jose L. Revuelta is Full Professor of Genetics, Chairman of the Metabolic Engineering Group, and Director of the New Generation Sequencing Laboratory at the University of Salamanca (Spain) since 2002. Upon receipt of his Ph.D. in 1981 at Leon University in Biological Sciences, he received a grant by the Juan March Foundation to perform postdoctoral training at The Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation (La Jolla, CA). Professor Revuelta is coauthor of more than 50 research papers and review articles in the field of vitamins biotechnology, genomics and chemogenomics of industrial microorganisms. He coauthored eight chapters in books related with the biotechnological production of vitamins and pigments and holds 21 patents related to vitamin B2 production.


Inhalt
List of Contributors XIX Preface XXVII 1 Vitamins, Biopigments, Antioxidants and Related Compounds: A Historical, Physiological and (Bio)technological Perspective 1
Erick J. Vandamme and José L. Revuelta 1.1 Historical Aspects of the Search for Vitamins 1 1.2 Vitamins: What's in a Name 3 1.3 Physiological Functions of Vitamins and Related Compounds 6 1.4 Technical Functions of Vitamins and Related Compounds 8 1.5 Production and Application of Vitamins and Related Factors 8 1.6 Outlook 13 References 13 Part I Water-Soluble Vitamins 15 2 Industrial Production of Vitamin B2 by Microbial Fermentation 17
José L. Revuelta, Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro, and Alberto Jiménez 2.1 Introduction and Historical Outline 17 2.2 Occurrence in Natural/Food Sources 17 2.3 Chemical and Physical Properties; Technical Functions 18 2.4 Assay Methods and Units 18 2.5 Biological Role of Flavins and Flavoproteins 19 2.6 Biotechnological Synthesis of Riboflavin 21 2.6.1 Riboflavin-Producing Microorganisms 21 2.6.2 Biosynthesis of Riboflavin 22 2.6.3 Regulation of the Biosynthesis of Riboflavin 25 2.7 Strain Development: Genetic Modifications, Molecular Genetics and Metabolic Engineering 26 2.8 Fermentation Process 31 2.9 Downstream Processing 32 2.10 Chemical Synthesis 33 2.11 Application and Economics 33 References 33 3 Vitamin B3, Niacin 41
Tek Chand Bhalla and Savitri 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 History 42 3.3 Occurrence in Nature/Food Sources 43 3.4 Chemical and Physical Properties 44 3.4.1 Chemical Properties 44 3.4.2 Physical Properties 44 3.5 Vitamin B3 Deficiency Disease (Pellagra) 45 3.6 Methods Used for Determination of Vitamin B3 46 3.6.1 Microbiological Methods 46 3.6.2 Chemical Methods 46 3.7 Synthesis 47 3.7.1 Chemical Process Used for Nicotinic Acid Production 47 3.7.2 Biosynthesis 49 3.7.2.1 Biological Processes Used for Nicotinic Acid Production 49 3.8 Downstream Processing of Nicotinic Acid 52 3.9 Reactive Extraction 53 3.10 Physiological Role of Vitamin B3 (Niacin) 53 3.10.1 Coenzyme in Metabolic Reactions 53 3.10.2 Therapeutic Molecule 56 3.10.2.1 Treatment of Pellagra 56 3.10.2.2 Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases 57 3.10.2.3 Antihyperlipidemic Effect 57 3.10.2.4 Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia 57 3.10.2.5 Diabetes 58 3.10.2.6 Fibrinolysis 58 3.10.2.7 Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders 58 3.11 Safety of Niacin 59 3.12 Toxicity of Niacin 59 3.12.1 Hepatotoxicity 59 3.12.2 Vasodilation/Niacin Flush 59 3.12.3 Glucose Intolerance 60 3.13 Derivatives of Niacin 60 3.14 Application in Cosmetics, Food and Feed 61 3.15 Future Prospects 61 References 61 4 Pantothenic Acid 67
Jesus Gonzalez-Lopez, Luis Aliaga, Alejandro Gonzalez-Martinez, and Maria V. Martinez-Toledo 4.1 Introduction and Historical Outline 67 4.2 Occurrence in Natural Food Sources and Requirements 71 4.3 Physiological Role as Vitamin or as Coenzyme 74 4.4 Chemical and Physical Properties 77 4.5 Assay Methods 79 4.6 Chemical and Biotechnological Synthesis 81 4.7 Application and Economics 92 References 98 5 Folate: Relevance of Chemical and Microbial Production 103
Maddalena Rossi, Stefano Raimondi, Luca Costantino, and Alberto Amaretti 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Folates: Chemical Properties and Occurrence in Food 103 5.3 Biosynthesis 105 5.4 Physiological Role 106 ...

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