The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes

Klappentext Volcanoes are unquestionably one of the most spectacular and awe-inspiring features of the physical world. Our paradoxical fascination with them stems from their majestic beauty and powerful, if sometimes deadly, destructiveness. Notwithstanding the tremendous advances in volcanology since ancient times, some of the mystery surrounding volcanic eruptions remains today. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes summarizes our present knowledge of volcanoes. Through its thematic organization around the melting of the earth, it provides a comprehensive source of information on the multidisciplinary influences of volcanic eruptions--both the destructive as well as the beneficial aspects. The majority of the chapters focus on the geoscience-related aspects of volcanism (radioactive heat source, melting rock, ascent of magma, surface phenomena associated with exiting magma, extraterrestrial volcanism, etc.). In addition, complementary chapters discuss the multidisciplinary aspects of volcanism, including the history of volcanology, geothermal energy resources, interaction with the oceans and atmosphere, health aspects of volcanism, mitigation of volcanic disasters, post-eruption ecology, and the impact of eruptions on organismal biodiversity, among others. Inhaltsverzeichnis Part I. Origin and Transport of Magma 1. Melting the Earth's Upper Mantle Timothy L. Grove and Christy B. Till 2. Migration of Melt Martha J. Daines and Matej Pec 3. Plate Tectonics and Volcanism Peter C. LaFemina 4. The Composition and Origin of Magmas Nick Rogers 5. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Silicate Melts and Magma Charles E. Lesher and Frank J. Spera 6. Chemical Thermodynamics and the Study of Magmas Mark S. Ghiorso and Guilherme A.R. Gualda 7. Volatiles in Magmas Paul J. Wallace, Terry Plank, Marie Edmonds and Erik H. Hauri 8. Magma Chambers Bruce D. Marsh 9. Rates of Magma Ascent and Storage Brandon Browne and Lindsay Szramek 10. Magma Transport in Dikes Helge Gonnermann and Benoit Taisne 11. Magma Ascent and Degassing at Shallow Levels Alain Burgisser and Wim Degruyter Part II. Eruptions 12. Earth's Volcanoes and Their Eruptions: An Overview Lee Siebert, Elizabeth Cottrell, Edward Venzke and Benjamin Andrews 13. Sizes of Volcanic Eruptions David M. Pyle 14. Global Rates of Volcanism and Volcanic Episodes Natalia Irma Deligne and Haraldur Sigurdsson 15. Primary Volcanic Landforms Shan de Silva and Jan M. Lindsay 16. Calderas Michael Branney and Valerio Acocella Part III. Effusive Volcanism 17. Lava Flows and Rheology Andrew J.L. Harris and Scott K. Rowland 18. Lava Dome Eruptions Eliza S. Calder, Yan Lavallée, Jackie E. Kendrick and Marc Bernstein 19. Submarine Lavas and Hyaloclastite James D.L. White, Jocelyn McPhie, and S. Adam Soule 20. Glaciovolcanism Benjamin R. Edwards, Magnu s T. Gudmundsson and James K. Russell 21. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism S. Adam Soule 22. Seamounts and Island Building Hubert Staudigel and Anthony A.P. Koppers 23. Basaltic Volcanic Fields Greg A. Valentine and Charles B. Connor 24. Large Igneous Provinces and Flood Basalt Volcanism Stephen Self, Millard F. Coffin, Michael R. Rampino and John A. Wolff Part IV Explosive Volcanism 25. Magmatic Fragmentation Katharine V. Cashman and Bettina Scheu 26. Magma-Water Interaction and Phreatomagmatic Fragmentation Bernd Zimanowski, Ralf Büttner, Pierfrancesco Dellino, James D.L. White and Kenneth H. Wohletz 27. Hawaiian and Strombolian Eruptions Jacopo Taddeucci, Marie Edmonds, Bruce Houghton, Michael R. James and Sylvie Vergniolle 28. Vulcanian Eruptions Amanda Bachtell Clarke, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro and Alexander Belousov 29. Plinian and Subplinian Eruptions Raffaello Cioni, Marco Pistolesi and Mauro Rosi 30. Phreatomagmatic and Related Eruption Styles Bruce Houghton, James D.L. White and Alexa R. Van Eaton 31. Submarine Explosive Eruptions James D.L. White, C. Ian Schipper and Kazuhiko Kano 32. Volcanic Plumes Steven Carey and ...

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Haraldur Sigurdsson is emeritus professor at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island in the United States of America. He has worked on volcanic processes and the geochemistry of volcanic rocks for over fifty years. His studies have in part been focused on the impact of volcanic activity on human populations, especially his work on Vesuvius in Italy, Tambora in Indonesia, El Chichon in Mexico and studies of deadly gas bursts from Cameroon crater lakes. He has also studied the global environmental effects of meteorite impacts, such as the one that marks the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. His books include Melting the Earth, accounting for the evolution of ideas about formation of magmas and the origin of volcanic eruptions. Haraldur is currently director of the Volcano Museum in Stykkisholmur, Iceland.Bruce Houghton is the Gordon MacDonald Professor in Volcanology at University of Hawaii at Manoa and Hawaiian State Volcanologist and a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand. He is also Science Director at the National Disaster Preparedness Training Center at University of Hawaii. Previously he had a career of twenty five years as a volcanologist in New Zealand, culminating in leading the scientific response to the 1995-96 eruption of Ruapehu volcano. Bruce has published over 220 research papers in international journals and has worked in Alaska, Chile, El Salvador, Greece, Hawaii, Iceland, Italy, Germany, Nicaragua, Thailand and New Zealand.Steve McNutt is a Professor in the School of Geosciences at the University of South Florida (USF). He has worked on volcanic processes using seismology, infrasound, and lightning instruments for over 35 years. He worked half time for the Alaska Volcano Observatory from 1991-2012 and was closely involved in monitoring efforts for eruptions at Spurr, Pavlof, Shishaldin, Augustine, Okmok, Kasatochi, and Redoubt volcanoes. He coordinates seismology research at USF, and presently supervises 3 graduate students and a Post-Doc. His research interests include: 1) studies of source and propagation effects for volcanic tremor, low-frequency events, and explosion earthquakes; 2) volcanic hazards assessments in Alaska, California, and Central America; 3) the mechanical behavior of volcanoes, including periodicity of eruptions, and the effects of earth tides, sea level variations, and tectonic stresses on triggering eruptive activity; 4) volcano infrasound; and 5) volcanic lightning. From July 1999 to July 2007 he served as Secretary-General for the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior.Hazel Rymer is presently the Dean and Director of Studies in the Faculty of Science and Profesor of Environmental Volcanology.Hazel has developed and championed the use of microgravity as a tool for monitoring active volcanoes. She has used this method to identify sub-surface processes at calderas in a state of unrest and at persistently active volcanoes and this has given geoscientists considerable insight into the range of mechanisms responsible for initiating and sustaining volcanic activity. The technique Hazel pioneered is now the standard method for gravity monitoring on volcanoes; it remains the only way to quantify the sub-surface mass changes that occur before, during and after eruptions.John Stix has studied active volcanoes for 26 years, specializing in volcanic gases, eruption mechanisms, and the impact of volcanic activity. He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in volcanology, natural hazards, and environmental geology. He also is involved in field courses, where he exposes students to hands-on observations of natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and floods. He has been involved in many training courses and workshops in Canada, the US, and Latin America to teach volcanology. He has collaborated extensively with colleagues in Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Ecuador in volcano studies and volcanic hazards. From 2003 t…

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