Industrial Aromatic Chemistry

Aromatic organic hydrocarbons and heterocycles represent a bulk of about one third of all industrially produced organic basic materials. Aromatic compounds such as benzene, phenol, naphthalene, anthracene, and their homologues, are derived from raw materials, coal, crude oil and biogenic resources by thermal and catalytic refining processes. This book introduces the chemistry of aromatics with a brief discussion of the aromatic character and a survey of historical aspects, particularly the development of the organic dye industry during the 19th century. The main emphasis of the book is to give a clear prospect of industrial processes for the production and the derivatisation of aromatics with consistent flow diagrams. Economical aspects of by- and side-products are especially regarded. For the most important aromatics an analysis of the international market included their derivatives: polymers, pesticides, dyes, pigments and drugs. Professional scientists, managers and students in chemistry and chemical engineering will find a wealth of information for their career and daily work.

Inhalt
1 History.- 2 The nature of the aromatic character.- 2.1 Molecular considerations.- 2.2 Mechanistic considerations.- 2.3 Nomenclature.- 3 Base materials for aromatic chemicals.- 3.1 Origin of fossil raw materials and their composition.- 3.2 Coal.- 3.3 Crude oil.- 3.4 Production of aromatic hydrocarbons with zeolites.- 3.5 Renewable raw materials.- 3.6 Summary review of processes for the production of aromatics.- 4 Production of benzene, toluene and xylenes.- 4.1 History.- 4.2 Pre-treatment of mixtures containing crude aromatics.- 4.3 Separation of mixed aromatics into individual constituents.- 4.4 Dealkylation, isomerization and disproportionation reactions of BTX aromatics.- 4.5 Quality standards.- 4.6 Economic data.- 4.7 Process review.- 5 Production and uses of benzene derivatives.- 5.1 Ethylbenzene.- 5.2 Cumene.- 5.3 Phenol.- 5.4 Benzene hydrogenation cyclohexane.- 5.5 Nitrobenzene and aniline.- 5.6 Alkylbenzenes and alkylbenzene sulfonates.- 5.7 Maleic anhydride.- 5.8 Chlorobenzenes.- 5.9 Process review.- 6 Production and uses of toluene derivatives.- 6.1 Nitro-derivatives of toluene.- 6.2 Benzoic acid.- 6.3 Chlorine derivatives of toluene.- 6.4 Sulfonic acid derivatives of toluene.- 6.5 Toluenesulfonyl chloride.- 6.6 Other toluene derivatives.- 7 Production and uses of xylene derivatives.- 7.1 o-Xylene and its derivatives.- 7.2 m-Xylene and its derivatives.- 7.3 p-Xylene and its derivatives.- 8 Polyalkylated benzenes production and uses.- 8.1 Pseudocumene.- 8.2 Mesitylene.- 8.3 Durene.- 8.4 Other eumene derivatives.- 8.5 Indan and indene.- 9 Naphthalene production and uses.- 9.1 History.- 9.2 Naphthalene recovery.- 9.3 Naphthalene derivatives.- 9.4 Process review.- 10 Alkylnaphthalenes and other bicyclic aromatics-production and uses.- 10.1 Biphenyl.- 10.2 Methylnaphthalenes.- 10.3 Acenaphthene/acenaphthylene.- 11 Anthracene production and uses.- 11.1 Production of anthracene.- 11.2 Production of anthraquinone.- 11.3 Anthraquinone derivatives.- 11.4 Higher condensed dyes from anthraquinone.- 11.5 Anthraquinone as a catalyst in the production of hydrogen peroxide.- 11.6 Wood pulping with anthraquinone.- 12 Additional polynuclear aromatics production and uses.- 12.1 Phenanthrene.- 12.2 Fluorene.- 12.3 Fluoranthene.- 12.4 Pyrene.- 13 Production and uses of carbon products from mixtures of condensed aromatics.- 13.1 Pyrolysis of aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in the liquid phase.- 13.2 Pyrolysis of mixtures of aromatics in the gas phase Carbon black production.- 14 Aromatic heterocyclics production and uses.- 14.1 Five-membered ring heterocyclics.- 14.2 Six-membered ring heterocyclics.- 14.3 Pyrimidine.- 14.4 Triazines.- 14.5 Condensed heterocyclics.- 15 Toxicology/Environmental aspects.- 15.1 Basic toxicological considerations.- 15.2 Aspects of occupational medicine and legislation.- 15.3 Environmental aspects and biological degradation of aromatics.- 16 The future of aromatic chemistry.

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